{"id":7749,"date":"2025-06-30T19:05:10","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T19:05:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/?p=7749"},"modified":"2026-03-30T11:07:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T11:07:08","slug":"history-of-the-cathedral-in-milan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/history-of-the-cathedral-in-milan\/","title":{"rendered":"The History of Milan Cathedral: How the Duomo Was Built Over 600 Years"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>The history of the Duomo Cathedral in Milan<\/strong> began in <strong>1386<\/strong>. Yet none of the architects who broke ground that year in<strong> Piazza del Duomo<\/strong> lived to see even half of it built. Their grandsons did not either. The history of Milan Cathedral stretches across <strong>579 years<\/strong>, from <strong>1386<\/strong> to the symbolic year of <strong>1965<\/strong>, through several generations of builders and at least five completely different architectural eras. The first blocks of marble were laid in the Gothic age, and the last elements of the facade were installed when humanity was already preparing to go to the Moon.<br>    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are planning a visit to the cathedral, take a look at the <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/milan-cathedral-duomo\/\">complete guide to the Duomo<\/a>, where you will find information on tickets, opening hours, and visiting. Here, the focus is on what made this construction last longer than almost any other building in Europe. <\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);border-top:2px solid #4d83af;border-right:2px solid #4d83af;border-bottom:2px solid #4d83af;border-left:2px solid #4d83af;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{color:#222222;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-contents-title{color:#222222;font-size:16px;font-family:var( --global-body-font-family, inherit );font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{color:#222222;font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-sm, 0.9rem);line-height:1rem;font-family:Nunito;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);margin-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list .kb-table-of-contents__entry:hover{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-content-list li{margin-bottom:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-content-list li .kb-table-of-contents-list-sub{margin-top:10px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:2px solid #4d83af;border-right:2px solid #4d83af;border-bottom:2px solid #4d83af;border-left:2px solid #4d83af;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:2px solid #4d83af;border-right:2px solid #4d83af;border-bottom:2px solid #4d83af;border-left:2px solid #4d83af;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id3820_6462bf-79 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where did the cathedral come from? Milan before 1386 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Two churches previously stood on the site of today\u2019s Duomo: the Basilica of Santa Tecla, the summer cathedral, and Santa Maria Maggiore, the winter cathedral.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 4th century, Milan had a rather unusual arrangement: two cathedrals that served different liturgical functions depending on the season. Both stood in a place that had already been the city\u2019s religious <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/tag\/downtown\/\">center<\/a> since Roman times. Even earlier, according to some accounts, there had been a temple here dedicated to Minerva.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Both churches were destroyed and rebuilt many times. The critical moment came in 1386, when the bell tower of Santa Maria Maggiore collapsed, damaging part of the nave and the facade. Archbishop Antonio da Saluzzo then issued a bull, dated May 12, 1386, calling on the faithful to help finance the construction of a new, great cathedral. He encouraged donations, bequests, and free labor, and he promised 40 days of indulgence to those who supported the project.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The project only truly gained momentum because of someone else: <strong>Gian Galeazzo Visconti<\/strong>, ruler of Milan. Visconti had just overthrown his uncle Bernab\u00f2 in a coup and unified the Visconti territories. He needed a gesture that would strengthen his position and show Milan, and all of Europe, that his state had ambitions to rival France or England. An enormous cathedral was meant to be that gesture.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why was it built in marble rather than brick?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Visconti changed the original building plan from brick to marble from Candoglia, which completely transformed the scale and character of the cathedral.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The original project called for Lombard Gothic built in terracotta, in other words brick, a material typical of sacred <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/architecture\/\">architecture<\/a> in Lombardy. The first construction engineer was Simone da Orsenigo, and it was he who oversaw the work carried out in that style. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But Visconti wanted something else. In 1389, he brought in the French architect <strong>Nicolas de Bonaventure<\/strong> and imposed both a change of material to marble and a shift in style toward Flamboyant Gothic (<em>gotico fiammeggiante<\/em>), inspired by the cathedrals north of the Alps. Much of what had already been built in brick was dismantled.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The marble came from the quarries of Candoglia, in the Val d\u2019Ossola valley along the Toce River. Visconti assigned them to the cathedral project and made sure the transport of the material would be exempt from tolls and duties. Every block meant for the Duomo was marked with the stamp <strong>AUF<\/strong> (<em>ad usum Fabricae<\/em>, meaning \u201c<strong>for the use of the Fabbrica del Duomo\u201d<\/strong>), which allowed it to pass without customs charges. The route ran down the Toce River to Lake Maggiore, then along the Ticino and through the <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/navigli-district-in-milan-guide-to-the-canals-and-surrounding-area\/\">Navigli<\/a> canals all the way to the center of Milan. This system remained in use for many centuries.    <\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(15% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(85% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1{border-top:1px dotted #f1d236;border-right:1px dotted #f1d236;border-bottom:1px dotted #f1d236;border-left:1px dotted #f1d236;}.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1{border-top:1px dotted #f1d236;border-right:1px dotted #f1d236;border-bottom:1px dotted #f1d236;border-left:1px dotted #f1d236;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1{border-top:1px dotted #f1d236;border-right:1px dotted #f1d236;border-bottom:1px dotted #f1d236;border-left:1px dotted #f1d236;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id7749_179f54-f1 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column7749_d81633-dc{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column7749_d81633-dc{align-self:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc{align-self:auto;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column7749_d81633-dc{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column7749_d81633-dc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column7749_d81633-dc\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-image.kb-image7749_1fa801-31:not(.kb-specificity-added):not(.kb-extra-specificity-added){margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-image7749_1fa801-31:not(.kb-image-is-ratio-size) .kb-img, .kb-image7749_1fa801-31.kb-image-is-ratio-size{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-image7749_1fa801-31 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kb-image7749_1fa801-31 img.kb-img, .kb-image7749_1fa801-31 .kb-img img{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image7749_1fa801-31\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/tip.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-7565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/tip.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/tip-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/tip-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/tip-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/tip-280x280.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03{align-self:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03{align-self:auto;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column7749_54cc1b-03\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Language curiosity<\/strong>: According to a<a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/interesting-facts-legends-secrets-of-milan\/\"> local legend,<\/a> the Italian phrase <em>a ufo<\/em> &#8211; meaning \u201cfor free\u201d or \u201cat someone else\u2019s expense\u201d &#8211; comes from the AUF stamp on the marble blocks for the cathedral. Barges marked with those letters passed through every customs checkpoint without charge, and people began to say something was a ufo when no payment was required. Manzoni used the expression in <strong>The Betrothed,<\/strong> and Collodi used it in <em>Pinocchio<\/em>. Linguists still debate the real etymology, with some pointing to the Germanic <em>ufj\u00f4<\/em>, but the Milanese legend is still alive today.   <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In October <strong>1387<\/strong>, at Visconti\u2019s initiative, the <strong>Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo<\/strong> was established: the institution responsible for the construction, upkeep, and financing of the cathedral. The Fabbrica employed 300 people and operated like a separate enterprise. What matters most is that it still exists today and still oversees the conservation of the cathedral.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The 15th century: the great problem of the dome and Leonardo da Vinci\u2019s advice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For more than one hundred years, architects could not solve the problem of the <em>tiburio<\/em>, the central structure above the crossing of the naves.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the mid-15th century, construction had been moving along steadily. The apse, the transept, and the first bays of the nave had been completed. In <strong>1418<\/strong>, <strong>Pope Martin V,<\/strong> returning from the Council of Constance, consecrated the main altar. The cathedral was already being used for liturgical purposes, although it was still far from finished.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The problem arose at the crossing of the naves, where the <strong>tiburio<\/strong> had to be built &#8211; a many-sided structure above the point where the main nave and the transept intersect. In Gothic cathedrals, this is one of the most important elements of the entire building because it transfers enormous loads onto the pillars. These structural issues were exactly what kept troubling successive generations of architects.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>1487<\/strong>, the Sforzas, who had taken power after the Viscontis, decided to settle the matter by inviting some of the greatest experts of the age to Milan. Among them were <strong>Donato Bramante<\/strong>, who was then working on the tiburium of <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/santa-maria-delle-grazie\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"328\">Santa Maria delle Grazie<\/a>, <strong>Francesco di Giorgio Martini <\/strong>of Siena, <strong>Luca Fancelli,<\/strong> and <strong>Leonardo da Vinci<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/https-mediolan-pl-en-milan-in-the-footsteps-of-leonardo-da-vinci\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"281\">Leonardo<\/a>, who had arrived in Milan around <strong>1482<\/strong>, approached the problem almost like a medical diagnosis. In the surviving notes in the <strong>Codex Atlanticus<\/strong>, he compared the cathedral to a sick body, writing: \u201cThe sick Duomo needs an architect-physician\u201d (<em>al malato Domo bisogna uno medico architetto<\/em>). He prepared drawings and a wooden model, but his proposal was ultimately not accepted. It is possible that he himself withdrew from the project, absorbed by other commissions at the Sforza court.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bramante<\/strong>, for his part, criticized the earlier proposals but did not offer a concrete solution of his own. In the end, the tiburio was built <strong>between 1490 and 1500 <\/strong>under the direction of Giovanni Antonio Amadeo and Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono, although it was the result of the work of several teams. Its details also show the influence of Giovannino de\u2019 Grassi and Francesco Briosco. They drew on solutions rooted in the local building tradition &#8211; and those are the ones that survived.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also worth paying attention to the <strong>capitals of the 52 pillars<\/strong> inside the cathedral, designed by <strong>Giovannino de\u2019 Grassi <\/strong>in <strong>1393<\/strong>. Each takes the form of a canopy with niches containing statues of saints. This is one of the details that makes the Duomo unlike the typical cathedrals north of the Alps and gives it a distinctly Lombard character.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Charles Borromeo and the revolution inside the cathedral (16th century)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After the Council of Trent, <strong>Archbishop Charles Borromeo<\/strong> radically reshaped the interior of the cathedral, giving it the form we largely still see today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before that, however, things around the construction had become much more complicated in the <strong>early 16th century<\/strong>. The French invasion, the fall of Ludovico il Moro, the last of the Sforza line, and a long period of political instability caused the work to nearly come to a halt. Services were already being held in the cathedral, but the building itself still remained unfinished: several bays of the nave were missing, as were parts of the transept and, of course, the facade.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The impulse to resume work came from the Church. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) set new liturgical standards, and their implementation in Milan was taken up by the energetic Archbishop <strong>Charles Borromeo (Carlo Borromeo)<\/strong>, who held office from 1564 to 1584. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Borromeo appointed <strong>Pellegrino Tibaldi,<\/strong> known as Pellegrini, as the cathedral\u2019s chief architect. The decision stirred controversy because Tibaldi was not a member of the <strong>Fabbrica<\/strong>, and appointing him required a change in its statutes. Even so, Borromeo pushed the nomination through.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tibaldi redesigned the <strong>presbytery<\/strong> in accordance with the requirements of the Tridentine reform: the Eucharist was meant to stand at the center of the faithful\u2019s attention. A new spatial layout was created, with a crypt, new side altars, and a baptismal font. The tombs of the Viscontis were also removed from the cathedral, and their later fate is still not entirely known. The floor was replaced with a marble pavement.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tibaldi also designed a facade modeled on Roman architecture, with columns and a pediment, in order to emphasize the cathedral\u2019s more Italian than Gothic character. Work began, but after Borromeo\u2019s death in <strong>1584<\/strong> it clearly slowed down, and the facade remained unfinished for the next two centuries. Later modifications weakened Tibaldi\u2019s original design.  <\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-image.kb-image7749_756172-81:not(.kb-specificity-added):not(.kb-extra-specificity-added){margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-image7749_756172-81:not(.kb-image-is-ratio-size) .kb-img, .kb-image7749_756172-81.kb-image-is-ratio-size{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-image7749_756172-81 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kb-image7749_756172-81 img.kb-img, .kb-image7749_756172-81 .kb-img img{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image7749_756172-81\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"430\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Progetto-Duomo-di-Milano-Pellegrino-Tibaldi.png\" alt=\"Black-and-white drawing of the cathedral facade according to Pellegrino Tibaldi&#039;s design\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-7762\"\/><figcaption><em>Facade design according to Pellegrino Tibaldi<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The 18th century: the spire and the Madonnina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>In 1774, the gilded Madonnina was placed on top of the newly built spire, and it remains one of Milan\u2019s most important symbols to this day.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For most of the 17th century, the cathedral still stood with an unfinished facade and without its main spire. Work moved slowly: in <strong>1628<\/strong> the central portal was completed, and later more decorative elements in the Baroque style were added to the facade, though still without a coherent plan. <\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-image.kb-image7749_b64fd3-bf:not(.kb-specificity-added):not(.kb-extra-specificity-added){margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-image7749_b64fd3-bf:not(.kb-image-is-ratio-size) .kb-img, .kb-image7749_b64fd3-bf.kb-image-is-ratio-size{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-image7749_b64fd3-bf .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kb-image7749_b64fd3-bf img.kb-img, .kb-image7749_b64fd3-bf .kb-img img{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image7749_b64fd3-bf\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Milano-duomo-fine-settecento.jpg\" alt=\"Historical illustration depicting the Duomo in Milan at the end of the 18th century\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-7761\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Milano-duomo-fine-settecento.jpg 720w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Milano-duomo-fine-settecento-600x444.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Milano-duomo-fine-settecento-540x400.jpg 540w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><figcaption><em>The Duomo in Milan at the end of the 18th century<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The breakthrough came in the second half of the 18th century. On the orders of Archbishop Giuseppe Pozzobonelli, the Veneranda Fabbrica decided in July 1765 to build the guglia maggiore, the main spire above the tiburio. The project was entrusted to <strong>Francesco Croce<\/strong>, one of the Fabbrica\u2019s architects. Croce was not the most famous architect of his time, but he knew how to get things done. In spite of criticism and concerns about the stability of the structure, in just four years, <strong>from 1765 to 1769<\/strong>, he raised an elegant openwork spire.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It was Croce who proposed crowning the spire with a statue of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Giuseppe Perego won the competition for the sculpture. The figure, made of copper sheets covered in gold, stands 4.16 meters (13.6 feet) tall. It was installed on December 30, 1774. At that point, the cathedral reached its present height: 108.5 meters (356 feet).    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From that point on, an unwritten but firmly respected rule took hold in Milan: no building should rise higher than the <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/madonnina\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"362\">Madonnina<\/a>. When the Pirelli <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/from-bosco-verticale-to-citywave-skyscrapers-in-milan\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"249\">skyscraper<\/a> was built in the 1950s, at 127 meters (417 feet), a copy of the figure was placed on its roof. Today, such a replica stands on Palazzo Lombardia, which is 161 meters (528 feet) tall.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Napoleon, the facade, and the last great phase of construction (19th century)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Napoleon ordered the facade to be completed within a few years. Zanoia and Amati\u2019s project was carried out by 1813, but the facade still clearly combines elements from different eras and styles. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>On May 26, 1805<\/strong>, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself King of Italy in the cathedral, using the legendary Iron Crown of Lombardy. The Duomo still did not have a finished facade, and for Napoleon that was unacceptable. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By decree of <strong>May 20, 1805<\/strong>, he ordered the Veneranda Fabbrica to complete the facade. To finance the work, he ordered the sale of all the real estate belonging to the Fabbrica and promised that France would repay the costs incurred &#8211; something that, as some still like to point out, never actually happened. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The completion project was entrusted to the architects <strong>Giuseppe Zanoia <\/strong>and <strong>Carlo Amati.<\/strong> Work lasted <strong>from 1807 to 1813<\/strong>, and the final phase dragged into the following year. The facade received a Neo-Gothic shape, but it was built on top of existing 17th- and 18th-century elements: Baroque portals, Mannerist windows, and Renaissance details. You can still see it today &#8211; the lower and upper parts of the facade clearly come from different periods and represent different styles.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the following decades of the 19th century, the work focused on spires and sculptural decoration. During that time, around 1,800 new statues were placed on the cathedral. In <strong>1866<\/strong>, the bell tower was dismantled and the bells were moved inside the tiburio.  <\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-image.kb-image7749_435333-e7:not(.kb-specificity-added):not(.kb-extra-specificity-added){margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-image7749_435333-e7:not(.kb-image-is-ratio-size) .kb-img, .kb-image7749_435333-e7.kb-image-is-ratio-size{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-image7749_435333-e7 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.kb-image7749_435333-e7 img.kb-img, .kb-image7749_435333-e7 .kb-img img{border-top-left-radius:5px;border-top-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-right-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image7749_435333-e7\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1057\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/veduta-della-piazza-del-duomo-col-palazzo-reale-in-milano-1057x800.jpg\" alt=\"A historical engraving from the 1850s depicting Piazza del Duomo and the Royal Palace in Milan with the cathedral in the background\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-7754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/veduta-della-piazza-del-duomo-col-palazzo-reale-in-milano-1057x800.jpg 1057w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/veduta-della-piazza-del-duomo-col-palazzo-reale-in-milano-600x454.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/veduta-della-piazza-del-duomo-col-palazzo-reale-in-milano-528x400.jpg 528w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/veduta-della-piazza-del-duomo-col-palazzo-reale-in-milano-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/veduta-della-piazza-del-duomo-col-palazzo-reale-in-milano.jpg 1127w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1057px) 100vw, 1057px\" \/><figcaption><em>Piazza del Duomo and the Royal Palace in Milan in the 1850s.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The unfinished facade overhaul<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>1886<\/strong>, the Veneranda Fabbrica launched an international competition for a new, complete design of the facade in a coherent Gothic style. 120 projects were submitted from around the world. In <strong>1888<\/strong>, <strong>Giuseppe Brentano<\/strong> won &#8211; a 26-year-old graduate of the Polytechnic University of Milan and a student of Camillo Boito. His design, inspired by French Gothic cathedrals, received the highest marks from the jury.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brentano began work right away. Marble was ordered and scaffolding was set up. But on <strong>December 31<\/strong>, 1889, at just 27 years old, the architect died unexpectedly. At that point the project stalled, and over time the debates over whether the existing Baroque portals should be dismantled ultimately killed any chance of carrying it out. The facade therefore remained in the form we see today. Only one element from Brentano\u2019s project was actually realized: the central bronze door by Ludovico Pogliaghi.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brentano\u2019s projects and models can be seen at the Cathedral Museum (Museo del Duomo), in the room devoted to his design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1965 &#8211; the last doors and the symbolic end of construction<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>On January 6, 1965, the fifth and final bronze door on the facade was unveiled. That is the moment generally taken as the symbolic closing of the cathedral\u2019s 579 years of construction. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The five bronze doors of the facade were created over more than half a century:<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container7749_46bbf0-35{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table7749_46bbf0-35 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table7749_46bbf0-35 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table7749_46bbf0-35 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container7749_46bbf0-35 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table7749_46bbf0-35\">\n<style>.kb-table-container .kb-table tr.kb-table-row7749_8e9976-12{background-color:rgba(101,176,233,0.2);}<\/style><tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_8e9976-12\">\n<th class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_6007af-42\">\n\n<p>Door<\/p>\n\n<\/th>\n\n<th class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_87043a-6b\">\n\n<p>Artist<\/p>\n\n<\/th>\n\n<th class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_a94a6f-9a\">\n\n<p>Year<\/p>\n\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_8db2fa-24\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_8dbdb9-23\">\n\n<p><strong>1st from the left<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_17c01f-6a\">\n\n<p>Arrigo Minerbi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_106a0f-4c\">\n\n<p>1948<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_90595f-82\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_e5b8bc-55\">\n\n<p><strong>2nd from the left<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_ae25a1-e6\">\n\n<p>Giannino Castiglioni<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_deaa55-10\">\n\n<p>1950<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_185846-7b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_0ee1bb-78\">\n\n<p><strong>3rd center<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_ded0ff-e9\">\n\n<p>Ludovico Pogliaghi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_b9bb20-ef\">\n\n<p>1906<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_9a1f97-c3\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_5e6eae-05\">\n\n<p><strong>2nd from the right<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_b76252-d3\">\n\n<p>Franco Lombardi \/ Virginio Pessina<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_16e3b1-d1\">\n\n<p>1950<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_f6b412-c4\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_aac84a-3c\">\n\n<p>1st from the right<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_075269-ff\">\n\n<p>Luciano Minguzzi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_26f987-83\">\n\n<p>1965<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The fifth door, made by the Bolognese sculptor <strong>Luciano Minguzzi<\/strong>, depicts 12 scenes from the history of the cathedral, from its foundation to the age of Charles Borromeo. Its inauguration took place on January 6, 1965, and that is the date conventionally accepted as the symbolic end of construction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But what does \u201cend\u201d actually mean here? A cathedral built of marble from Candoglia requires constant conservation. Pollution, weather conditions, and the vibrations of the city mean that the stone is continuously deteriorating. The Veneranda Fabbrica has been carrying out restoration work without interruption since the 14th century, and everything suggests it will continue to do so. In that sense, the building of the Duomo never truly ends.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The most important dates in the history of the Duomo<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container7749_c79bfc-a3{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table7749_c79bfc-a3 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table7749_c79bfc-a3 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table7749_c79bfc-a3 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container7749_c79bfc-a3 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table7749_c79bfc-a3\">\n<style>.kb-table-container .kb-table tr.kb-table-row7749_a0eb1e-ff{background-color:rgba(101,176,233,0.2);}<\/style><tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_a0eb1e-ff\">\n<th class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_de32c4-9a\">\n\n<p>Year<\/p>\n\n<\/th>\n\n<th class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_1451a7-76\">\n\n<p>Event<\/p>\n\n<\/th>\n\n<th class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_2da243-c3\">\n\n<p>Who was responsible<\/p>\n\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_14f270-b6\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_021c5b-bc\">\n\n<p><strong>1386<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_b7581a-d7\">\n\n<p>Start of construction of the cathedral<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_77f60f-61\">\n\n<p>Antonio da Saluzzo, Gian Galeazzo Visconti<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_e9d027-0f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_606d36-00\">\n\n<p><strong>1387<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_0d77a2-fd\">\n\n<p>Establishment of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_44921b-2b\">\n\n<p>Gian Galeazzo Visconti<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_12d998-cd\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_82caef-96\">\n\n<p><strong>1389<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_dcddd1-c2\">\n\n<p>Shift of the project toward mature Gothic and broader use of marble from Candoglia<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_475b34-5e\">\n\n<p>Nicolas de Bonaventure<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_0b4ae0-b0\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_766db5-46\">\n\n<p><strong>1393<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_7a05d9-4f\">\n\n<p>Design of the pillar capitals<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_3c7806-20\">\n\n<p>Giovannino de&#8217; Grassi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_1f1dee-a6\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_28cb98-bb\">\n\n<p><strong>1418<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_d82661-e4\">\n\n<p>Consecration of the high altar<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_2e9f63-30\">\n\n<p>Pope Martin V<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_93512e-32\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_45609c-8f\">\n\n<p><strong>1487-1488<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_21ef01-07\">\n\n<p>Competition and consultations concerning the tiburio<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_1bc3c9-36\">\n\n<p>Leonardo da Vinci, Donato Bramante, Francesco di Giorgio Martini<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_d89d45-f9\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_18cd20-11\">\n\n<p><strong>1490-1500<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_e2a496-2e\">\n\n<p>Construction of the tiburio<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_131a00-85\">\n\n<p>Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_363482-ef\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_149f2a-d9\">\n\n<p><strong>1564-1584<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_a9aaf1-f4\">\n\n<p>Interior reform after the Council of Trent<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_50a918-e7\">\n\n<p>Charles Borromeo, Pellegrino Tibaldi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_e91a6e-34\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_d1ebba-e9\">\n\n<p><strong>about 1590<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_fb61da-ab\">\n\n<p>Beginning of work on the new facade based on Tibaldi\u2019s design<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_8eb276-e0\">\n\n<p>Pellegrino Tibaldi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_f01dbe-0b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_8a64a6-d4\">\n\n<p><strong>1765-1769<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_833f5d-76\">\n\n<p>Construction of the Guglia Maggiore (main spire)<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_fa9401-0e\">\n\n<p>Francesco Croce<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_36d358-40\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_ba0543-8d\">\n\n<p><strong>1774<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_3a5901-46\">\n\n<p>Installation of the Madonnina on the Guglia Maggiore <\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_0c4e3a-79\">\n\n<p>Giuseppe Perego, Giuseppe Bini<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_064f02-ae\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_698979-d3\">\n\n<p><strong>1805<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_f14f90-b8\">\n\n<p>Napoleon\u2019s coronation in the cathedral<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_e115eb-23\">\n\n<p>Napoleon Bonaparte<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_48c251-b3\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_a95bee-77\">\n\n<p><strong>1807-1813<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_b2077b-40\">\n\n<p>Completion of the present facade in its main outline<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_2e0ff3-03\">\n\n<p>Giuseppe Zanoia, Carlo Amati<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_17444c-36\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_ea8b7c-47\">\n\n<p><strong>1886-1888<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_b09c3f-03\">\n\n<p>International competition for a new facade and Brentano\u2019s winning project<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_4908ba-b9\">\n\n<p>Giuseppe Brentano<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_09818b-10\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_89b306-6a\">\n\n<p><strong>1906<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_e641ae-d7\">\n\n<p>Inauguration of the central bronze door<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_c070ed-43\">\n\n<p>Ludovico Pogliaghi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row7749_46939d-7c\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_57278a-79\">\n\n<p><strong>1965<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_93d18e-2e\">\n\n<p>Inauguration of the fifth bronze door, conventionally regarded as the symbolic closing of construction<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data7749_5af440-8c\">\n\n<p>Luciano Minguzzi<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The history of Milan Cathedral shows that the Duomo was never just an ordinary church. From the very beginning, it also reflected the city\u2019s ambitions, money, disputes, and the decisions made by people from very different periods. The Viscontis, the Sforzas, Borromeo, Napoleon &#8211; each of them left some mark here. And later came restorations, corrections, and ongoing work, without which this structure would not have survived into our own time.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That is why the Duomo is not a uniform building. And maybe that is exactly why it leaves such a strong impression on visitors. The cathedral was not created in one style, in one century, or according to one vision. It is a building in which you can see centuries of changes, revisions, and different ideas about what it was supposed to be. Looking at it from the square, it is easy to see only the marble, the spires, and the Madonnina. But only when you know its <a href=\"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/tag\/history\/\">history<\/a> do you begin to notice that this is a building that was changed, expanded, and corrected over the course of centuries &#8211; and in a sense, still remains that way.      <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Sources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10:not(.this-stops-third-party-issues){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 ul.kt-svg-icon-list:not(.this-prevents-issues):not(.this-stops-third-party-issues):not(.tijsloc){margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 ul.kt-svg-icon-list{grid-row-gap:1px;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 .kb-svg-icon-wrap{font-size:16px;color:#4d83af;}.wp-block-kadence-iconlist.kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap .kt-svg-icon-list-single{margin-right:10px;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap, .kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap a{line-height:1.5em;}.kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 ul.kt-svg-icon-list .kt-svg-icon-list-level-0 .kt-svg-icon-list-single svg{font-size:20px;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-iconlist kt-svg-icon-list-items kt-svg-icon-list-items7749_1f3331-10 kt-svg-icon-list-columns-1 alignnone has--font-size\"><ul class=\"kt-svg-icon-list\"><style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_ca0846-5b .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_ca0846-5b\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fe_externalLink kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"  fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M18 13v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V8a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6\"\/><polyline points=\"15 3 21 3 21 9\"\/><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.duomomilano.it\/cultura-e-arte\/la-cattedrale\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.duomomilano.it\/cultura-e-arte\/la-cattedrale\/\" data-schema-attribute=\"mentions\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Duomo di Milano &#8211; La Cattedrale<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_7b2f56-a4 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_7b2f56-a4\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fe_externalLink kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"  fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M18 13v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V8a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6\"\/><polyline points=\"15 3 21 3 21 9\"\/><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.duomomilano.it\/scopri-chi-siamo\/la-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo-di-milano\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.duomomilano.it\/scopri-chi-siamo\/la-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo-di-milano\/\" data-schema-attribute=\"mentions\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>La Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo di Milano &#8211; Chi siamo<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_85ac90-b1 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_85ac90-b1\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fe_externalLink kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"  fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M18 13v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V8a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6\"\/><polyline points=\"15 3 21 3 21 9\"\/><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lombardiabeniculturali.it\/architetture\/schede\/LMD80-00004\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.lombardiabeniculturali.it\/architetture\/schede\/LMD80-00004\/\" data-schema-attribute=\"mentions\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Scheda \u201cDuomo di Milano\u201d &#8211; Lombardia Beni Culturali<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_986fc3-30 .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_986fc3-30\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fe_externalLink kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"  fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M18 13v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V8a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6\"\/><polyline points=\"15 3 21 3 21 9\"\/><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chiesadimilano.it\/duomo-homepage\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.chiesadimilano.it\/duomo-homepage\" data-schema-attribute=\"mentions\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Duomo di Milano &#8211; Chiesa di Milano (Arcidiocesi)<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n<style>.kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_d8cbbc-4d .kt-svg-icon-list-text mark.kt-highlight{background-color:unset;font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}<\/style>\n<li class=\"wp-block-kadence-listitem kt-svg-icon-list-item-wrap kt-svg-icon-list-item-7749_d8cbbc-4d\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fe_externalLink kt-svg-icon-list-single\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"  fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M18 13v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V8a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6\"\/><polyline points=\"15 3 21 3 21 9\"\/><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kt-svg-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.milan-museum.com\/it\/duomo-di-milano.php\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.milan-museum.com\/it\/duomo-di-milano.php\" data-schema-attribute=\"mentions\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Il Duomo di Milano &#8211; Musei di Milano<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The history of the Duomo Cathedral in Milan: from Visconti&#8217;s decision in 1386 to the last doors in 1965. Why did the construction take 600 years? Discover the whole story.   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1795,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[191,93,1956],"tags":[337,349],"class_list":["post-7749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-churches","category-architecture","category-sightseeing","tag-downtown","tag-history"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":191,"label":"Churches"},{"value":93,"label":"Architecture"},{"value":1956,"label":"Sightseeing"}],"post_tag":[{"value":337,"label":"downtown"},{"value":349,"label":"history"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Duomo-galleria.jpg",800,533,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"Anna","author_link":"https:\/\/mediolan.pl\/en\/author\/admin\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":191,"name":"Churches","slug":"churches","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":191,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Explore the most beautiful churches in Milan, from historic basilicas to hidden gems. Learn about their architecture, history, and cultural significance.","parent":0,"count":16,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":191,"category_count":16,"category_description":"Explore the most beautiful churches in Milan, from historic basilicas to hidden gems. Learn about their architecture, history, and cultural significance.","cat_name":"Churches","category_nicename":"churches","category_parent":0},{"term_id":93,"name":"Architecture","slug":"architecture","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":93,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Discover Milan\u2019s architecture, from historic landmarks to modern designs. Explore iconic buildings, unique styles, and the city\u2019s architectural evolution.","parent":0,"count":20,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":93,"category_count":20,"category_description":"Discover Milan\u2019s architecture, from historic landmarks to modern designs. Explore iconic buildings, unique styles, and the city\u2019s architectural evolution.","cat_name":"Architecture","category_nicename":"architecture","category_parent":0},{"term_id":1956,"name":"Sightseeing","slug":"sightseeing","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1956,"taxonomy":"category","description":"Explore Milan\u2019s top sightseeing spots, from famous landmarks to hidden gems. Discover must-see attractions, historical sites, and unique places to visit.","parent":0,"count":70,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1956,"category_count":70,"category_description":"Explore Milan\u2019s top sightseeing spots, from famous landmarks to hidden gems. 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